Comprehensive Overview of Refining Processing and Blending

1. Introduction to refinery blending
2. Energy sources
3. Energy outlook and demand
4. Classification of fuels
5. Basic fuel chemistry
6. Key elements of engine design and how fuels affect its performance and emissions

1. Introduction to fuel specifications
2. Types of fuel specifications
3. Primary and secondary importance properties
4. Specification differences (EU, USA, Middle East, Asia…)

1. Value of blending
2. Blending principles
3. Types of blending and their specifics (in-line and batch blending)
4. Blanding issues (stability of blends, quality giveaway, specification margins)

1. Blending calculations and fuel properties (linear and non-linear properties)
2. Blending calculation methods (LP model and blending index)
3. Blending economics

1. The role of fuel additives in the blending of fuels
2. Classification of fuel additives
3. Chemistry of white products additives – octane and cetane improvers, deposit control additives, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, lubricity additives, antioxidants, dispersants, flow improvers, biocides, multifunctional additives

1. Selection process and compatibility of fuel additives
2. Principles of additive treatment
3. Fuel additives and the importance of fuel characterisation
4. Multifunctional additives and fuel branding

1. Introduction to diesel fuel blending
2. Diesel fuel specifications – general and specific
3. Blending components – production and characteristics
4. Influence of processed crude oil type

1. Diesel engine
2. Diesel fuel properties
3. Stability of diesel fuel
4. Diesel fuel composition and performance

1. Bio-component blending
2. Challenges of bio-component blending
3. Diesel fuel additives and selection process
4. Additives and cold flow properties of diesel fuel – winter operability (case study)

1. Introduction to motor gasoline blending
2. Motor gasoline specifications - general and specific
3. Specifications – key quality elements (volatility, octane number, aromatics, oxygen content)
4. Motor gasoline blending components – production and characteristics

1. Motor gasoline properties
2. Blending principles
3. Concept of linear and non-linear blending
4. Motor gasoline blending issues (stability of blends, quality giveaway, specification margins)

1. Oxygenates
2. Bio-component blending
3. Motor gasoline additives and additives’ selection process
4. Blending management – introduction

1. Bonus calculation
2. Principles of bonus calculation
3. Building of motor gasoline recipes
4. Interpretation of results

1. Marine fuels – classification
2. Specifications and their development
3. IMO regulation and its impact on blending
4. Production and blending
5. Additives – role and selection
6. Heavy fuel oils – classification
7. Specifications
8. Blending and stability

1. Introduction to good housekeeping practice
2. Storage, distribution, and handling of finished products
3. Impact of bio-components on product quality and its storage and handling
4. Stability of finished products